Nature feels big. Nature feels busy. Scientists use new tools to study it. The tools look small. The ideas feel big. This post shows seven tools. Each tool has a simple idea. Each tool gives clear data. Each tool helps…
What is Phosphate Buffered Saline? Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is a special saltwater solution used in science labs. It is a buffered solution, which means it can keep its pH (acidity) steady. The pH of PBS is about 7.4, similar…
Chitosan is a versatile biopolymer sourced primarily from crustacean shells or fungal sources. It is used in many areas, such as gardening, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and treating water. Chitosan is useful, but the fact that it doesn’t dissolve in water can…